Fruits and Vegetables

This page provides information on more than 200 kinds of fruits and vegetables. This guide is handy when planning your meals or when you find something exotic in the supermarket.

A fruit normally refers to the seed-containing portion of a plant that can be eaten raw. They can be sweet such as apples, or sour such as lemons.

Acai (Euterpe oleracea)
Berries from the Euterpe oeracea palm tree and native the the Amazon River basin. The fruit is similar in appearance to a black or purple grape, and contains a seed that is 60 to 80% of the volume. Numerous marketing scams occured during early 2000's involving exaggerated claims about acai's health benefits.
Acerola (Malpighia emarginata)
This is the fruit of an evergreen shrub, with other names including Acerola Cherry, Barbados Cherry, West Indian Cherry, and Wild Crepe Myrtle. It is native to South America, southern Mexico, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Brazil, and Central America, and is now also grown in Texas and subtropical areas of Asia. It is a rich source of Vitamin C and other nutrients, and eaten as a fruit as well as consumed as Acerola Juice.
Ackee (Blighia sapida)
The ackee, also known as ankye, achee, akee, ackee apple or ayee is a fruit of the Sapindaceae soapberry family (See also Lychee and Longan). Ackee is native to tropical West Africa. The fruit arils are renowned as delicious when ripe and properly prepared, and are a feature of various Caribbean cuisines. Ackee is the national fruit of Jamaica and is considered a delicacy. Unripened and inedible portions are toxic due to the content of hypoglycin A and B.
Alligator Apple (Annona glabra)
Annona glabra is a tropical fruit tree in the Annonaceae family, in the same genus as the Soursop and Cherimoya. It is also known as pond apple, alligator apple (because American alligators eat them), swamp apple, corkwood, bobwood, and monkey apple. The tree is found in Florida in the United States, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and West Africa. Its ripe pulp is yellow to orange, and the taste is Honeydew melon, they can be used to make jam and fruit drinks.
Apple (Malus domestica)
An apple is an edible fruit produced by an apple tree (Malus domestica), originating in Central Asia from the wild Malus sieversii. More than 7,500 cultivars are grown worldwide, resulting in a range of characterstics desirable for eating raw, cooking, and cider production.
Apricot (Prunus armeniaca)
A yellow-orange fruit resembling a small peach. Prunus armeniaca is the "common apriot" with a slightly sweet but very tart taste. They are eaten raw, dried, and in jam. The hard seed is toxic.
Avocado (Persea americana)
Avocado, also known as Avocado Pear or Alligator Pear, is the fruit of the Persea americana tree, believed to originated in south-central Mexico. High in monounsatured fat (67% of which oleic acid), and not sweet like other fruits, avocados are used in dips (guacamole), salads, as a substitute for meat in sandwiches, as soup, and in sweet or savory dishes. A ripe avocado yields to gentle pressure when held in the palm of the hand and squeezed. The flesh is prone to enzymatic browning after exposure to air, but this can be prevented by adding lime or lemon juice after peeling. There are a number of cultivars, the most common being Hass. Some people are allergic to avocados, and leaves, skin, bark, and the pit are toxic to animals. Avocado leaves are used in Mexican cuisine, particulary bean dishes, and add a flavor similar to anise.
Banana (Musa species and hybrids)
A banana is an elongated, edible fruit produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa. In some countries, bananas used for cooking may be called "plantains", distinguishing them from dessert bananas. They are variable in size, color, and firmness, but are usually elongated and curved, and have a soft, starch-rich flesh, and are covered with a rind that is green, yellow, brown, purple, or red when ripe. Bananas are eaten raw, deep-fried, baked in the skin, as a dried chip snack, as banana flour, and other variations, particulularly in Asia. The most common cultivar is the Cavendish banana.
Bel Fruit (Aegle marmelos)
This is known variouisly as Bel, Bael, Bhel, Bili, Bengal Quince, Golden Apple, Japanese Bitter Orange, Stone Apple, and Wood Apple, and is native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The fruits can be eaten either fresh, dried, produced into candy, toffee, pulp powder or nectar. Fresh juice is sweetened and made into a drink similar to lemonade.
Bergamot Orange (Citrus aurantium)
Bergamot Orange is a fragrant citrus fruit native to southern Italy. It is the size of an orange, and yellow or lime-green color depending on the ripeness. The juice is less sour than lemon juice, but more bitter than grapefruit juice. It is produced for juice. An extract from the skin is used to flavor Earl Grey tea, Lady Grey tea, and Turkey Delight (Lokum) confections. The oil is a common ingredient in perfumes.
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
Bilberry is also known as European Blueberry, Blaeberry, Whortleberry, Whimberry, and Whinberry. It is the same genus as Blueberry, used in for similar culinary purposes.
Black Elderberry (Sambucus nigra)
Common names include Elder, Elderberry, Black Elder, European Elder, European Elderberry, and European Black Elderberry, and is native to most of Europe and North America. Cooked berries are made into jelly, jam, wine, and brandy. Flowers are made into elderflower cordial and elderflower liquer. The dark blue or purple berries are mildly poisonous when raw.
Black Mulberry (Morus nigra)
The Black Mulberry or Blackberry (not to be confused with the Blackberries that are various species of Rubus), is a species of flowering plant in the Moraceae family. It is native to southwestern Asia and the Iberian Peninsula. Black Mulberry is richly flavored, similar to the Red Mulberry.
Blackberry (various Rubus species)
The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the genus Rubus in the Rosaceae family. What distinguishes the blackberry from its Raspberry relatives is whether or not the stem (torus) stays with the fruit when picked. When picking a blackberry fruit, the torus stays with the fruit, but with a raspberry, the torus remains on the plant, leaving a hollow core in the Raspberry.
Boysenberry (Rubus ursinus)
The Boysenberry is a cross between the European Raspberry (Rubus idaeus), European Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), American Dewberry (Rubus aboriginum), and the Loganberry (Rubus × loganobaccus). It is a large 8.0-gram (0.28 oz) fruit with large seeds and a deep maroon color. Most commercially grown Boysenberries are from Oregon, and are processed into other products such as jam, pie, juice, syrup, and ice cream.
Blueberry (various Vaccinium species)
Blueberry is a perennial flowering plants with blue or purple berries in the section Cyanococcus of the genus Vaccinium. Vaccinium also includes Cranberries, Bilberries, Huckleberries and Madeira Blueberries. Both wild ("lowbush") and cultivated ("highbush") varieties are native to North America. Blueberries are sold as fresh or frozen fruit, purée, juice, or dried or infused berries. These may then be used in a variety of goods such as jellies, jams, pies, muffins, snack foods, and as an additive to breakfast cereals. Pulp and skin is used to make Blueberry Wine. Other wild shrubs produce similar-looking edible berries such as Huckleberries and Whortleberries (North America) and Bilberries (Europe).
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)
Breadfruit is a species of flowering tree in the Mulberry and Jackfruit (Moraceae) family. Breadfruit is a staple food in many tropical regions, and most breadfruit varieties produce fruit throughout the year. The fruit is roasted, baked, fried or boiled before consumption, and has a taste somewhat like potato or freshly baked bread.
Breadnut (Brosimum alicastrum)
A species of medium-sized tree in the Moraceae family. It is the wild ancestor of the Breadfruit and is also sometimes known as the seeded breadfruit, to distinguish it from its mostly seedless descendant. Breadnut fruits are edible when cooked. The large seeds can also be roasted and eaten.
Buffalo Berry (Shepherdia argentea)
Also known as Bullberry, is a genus of small shrubs in the Elaeagnaceae family, native to northern and western North America. The berries are a dark shade of red with small white dots on them. Buffalo Berries are sour and can be made into jam, pie, jelly, syrup, soups, or prepared like cranberry sauce with sugar added.
Canistel (Pouteria campechiana)
Also known as the Cupcake Fruit or Eggfruit, this is an evergreen tree native to southern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and El Salvador. Canistel flesh is sweet, with a texture often compared to that of a hard-boiled egg yolk, hence its colloquial name "Eggfruit".
Cherimoya (Annona cherimola)
The Cherimoya, also spelled Chirimoya, is a species of edible fruit-bearing plant in the genus Annona from the Annonaceae family, which includes the closely related sweetsop and soursop. The plant is believed to be native to Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile, and is now grown in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. The creamy texture of the flesh gives the fruit its secondary name, the Custard Apple. The flavor of the flesh ranges from mellow sweet to tangy or acidic sweet, with variable suggestions of pineapple, banana, pear, papaya, strawberry or other berry, and apple, depending on the variety. Cherimoya seeds are poisonous..
Cherry (various Prunus species)
Cherries are obtained from cultivars of several species such as the Prunus avium (aka "Sweet Cherries"), and the Prunus cerasus (aka "Sour Cherry"). Sweet Cherries are large and heart-shaped, range in color from golden red to dark purple depending on the variety, and are primarily eaten as fruit. Sour Cherries are smaller and rounder, range in color from bright red to dark red, and are used in cooking. Sour Cherries have higher nutritional value. Seeds of Cherries and other stone fruits contain poisonous hydrogen cyanide, although you would have to consume a rather large amount to become ill.
Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana)
Chockcherry, also known as Bitter-Berry, Virginia Bird Cherry, Western Chokecherry, and Black Chokecherry, is a species of Bird Cherry (Prunus subgenus Padus) native to North America. The chokecherry fruit can be eaten when fully ripe, but otherwise contains a toxin. The fruit can be used to make jam or syrup, but the bitter nature of the fruit requires sugar to sweeten the preserves. Chokecherry seeds contain a toxin called glycoside and produce a compound similar to cyanide called prunasin. Avoid accidentally biting into or swallowing the seeds.
Citron (Citrus medica)
The Citron is a large fragrant citrus fruit with a thick rind. It is one of the original citrus fruits from which all other citrus types developed. Containing little juice like lemons or limes, the Citron rind is cut and cooked in sugar syrup to make a sweetener for cakes and soft drinks. The variety of Citron used in Japan, Yuzu, is juiced, and the juice is used regularly in dipping sauces, dressings and marinades. The juice is widely available bottled like lemon juice. Grated or shredded Yuzu rind is also added to marinades and desserts.
Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus)
Cloudberry is a species of flowering plant in the Rosaceae rose family, native to cool temperate regions, alpine and arctic tundra and boreal forest. Other common names Nordic Berry, Bakeapple, Knotberry and Knoutberry, Aqpik or Low-bush Salmonberry (in Alaska - not to be confused with salmonberry, Rubus spectabilis), and Averin or Evron. When ripe, cloudberry fruits are golden-yellow, soft and juicy, and are rich in vitamin C. When eaten fresh, cloudberries have a distinctive tart taste, and when over-ripe, they have a creamy texture somewhat like yogurt and a sweetened flavor. They are used in a variety of ways around the world to make jams, juices, tarts, toppings for desserts, pancakes, and waffles, liqueurs, and Bakeapple Pie.
Coconut (Cocos nucifera)
This can refer to the Coconut Palm Tree, or to the fruit of the tree (which botanically is a drupe, not a nut). Almost the entire tree can used for various purposes, and for culinary applications to make Coconut Butter, Coconut Oil, Coconut Meat, Coconut Milk, Coconut Vinegar, and other items.
Crab Apple (Malus species)
The Crab Apple includes species commonly known as Crabapples, Crab Apples, Crabtrees, and Wild Apples. Crabapple fruit is not an important crop in most areas, being extremely sour due to malic acid. However, they are used as pollenizers in apple orchards, as rootstocks to give new cultivars beneficial characteristics, and they are an important source of pectin.
Cranberry (various Vaccinium species)
Cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs or trailing vines in the subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium. Cranberries are sold fresh, and are processed into products including juice, Cranberry Sauce, jam, and sweetened dried cranberries. The majority of Cranberries are produced in the US, Canada, and Chile.
Crowberry (Empetrum species)
Crowberry, Black Crowberry, or Blackberry in western Alaska, is a flowering plant species in the Ericaceae heather family. Empetrum nigrum can be grown for the edible fruit, but it has an acidit taste and can cause headaches. The fruit is high in anthocyanin pigment, and can be used to make a natural food dye. In subarctic areas, Empetrum nigrum has been a vital addition to the diet of the Inuit and the Sami.
Currant (various Ribes species)
Ribes is a genus of about 200 known species of flowering plants native throughout temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The various species are known as Currants or Gooseberries. Some are cultivated for their edible fruit or as ornamental plants. Edible types include Black Currant, Red Currant and White Currant, and the European Gooseberry. These should not be confused with the dried currants used in cakes and puddings, which are from the Zante Currant, which is actually a variety of grape (Vitis vinifera).
Custard Apple (Annona reticulata)
See Cherimoya.
Date (Phoenix dactylifera)
The Date or Date Palm Tree is a flowering plant species in the palm Arecaceae family. They are cultivated across Northern Africa, the Middle East and South Asia for its edible sweet fruit. Dry or soft dates are eaten as-is, or may be pitted and stuffed with fillings such as almonds, pecans, walnuts, candied orange and lemon peel, tahini, marzipan or cream cheese. Dates are also be chopped and used in a range of sweet and savory dishes. Date nut bread (actually a cake) is populr in the US, especially around holidays.
Desert Lime (Citrus glauca)
The Desert Lime is a thorny shrub or small tree native to Queensland, New South Wales, and South Australia. The Desert Lime fruit is a highly prized bushfood, traditionally wild-harvested from surviving bushland areas, where it is relatively common. The fruit is used in in marmalades, beverages, and succade.
Dewberry (various species)
Dewberries (also known as "ground berries") are a group of species in the genus Rubus, section Rubus, closely related to the Blackberries, and are usually purple to black and shaped somewhat like Raspberries. Dewberries are common throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere. They can be eaten raw or used to make cobbler, jam, or pie. The leaves can be used to make a herbal tea.
Durian (Durio zibethinus)
The Durian is the edible fruit of several tree species belonging to the genus Durio. There are 30 recognised Durio species, with at least nine of which produce edible fruit. Named in some regions as the "king of fruits", the Durian is distinctive for its large size, strong odour, and thorn-covered rind. Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance, whereas others find the aroma overpowering and unpleasant. The smell evokes reactions from deep appreciation to intense disgust, and has been compared to the odor of variously rotten things.
Elderberry (Sambucus species)
See Black Elderberry.
English Gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa)
See Currant.
European Red Elder (S. racemosa)
See Black Elderberry.
Feijoa (Acca sellowiana)
Feijoa sellowiana is a species of flowering plant in the Myrtaceae myrtle family, and is native to the highlands of southern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, Uruguay, northern Argentina, and Colombia. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental tree and for its fruit. Common names include feijoa, or pineapple guava and guavasteen, although it is not a true guava. The pulp has a sweet, aromatic flavor which tastes like guava, pineapple, strawberry, and mint.
Fig (Ficus carica)
Ficus carica, known as the common fig, is an Asian species of flowering plant in the mulberry family. It is grown for its edible fruit, also called Fig, throughout the temperate world, and as an ornamental plant. Figs can be eaten fresh or dried, and often used in jam-making. Most commercial production is in dried or otherwise processed forms, since the ripe fruit does not transport well, nor do they keep well once picked.
Finger Lime (Citrus australasica)
The Australian Finger Lime or Caviar Lime, is a thorny understorey shrub or small tree of lowland subtropical rainforest and rainforest from the coastal border region of Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. It has edible fruits which are under development as a commercial crop.
Flowering Quince (Chaenomeles species)
Chaenomeles is a genus of three species of deciduous spiny shrubs in the Rosaceae family, and are native to Southeast Asia. The fruits are hard and unpleasant to eat raw, tasting like an unripe apple with the acidity of a lemon. The fruits are suitable for making liqueurs, as well as marmalade and preserves since they contain more pectin than apples and true quinces.
Gooseberry (various Ribes species)
See Currant.
Grape (various Vitis species)
A grape is a fruit, botanically a berry, of the deciduous woody vines of the flowering plant genus Vitis. Grapes can be eaten fresh as table grapes or they can be used for making wine, jam, grape juice, jelly, grape seed extract, raisins, vinegar, and grape seed oil.
Grapefruit (Citrus x paradisi)
The grapefruit is a subtropical citrus tree known for its relatively large sour to semisweet, somewhat bitter fruit. The segmented interior flesh varies in color from pale yellow to dark pink. Grapefruit is a citrus hybrid originating in Barbados as an accidental cross between the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and the Pomelo or Shaddock (Citrus maxima), both of which were introduced from Asia in the 17th century. It was originally called the forbidden fruit, and has been referred to as the Pomelo. However, that term is now the common name for Citrus maxima.
Guava (Psidium guajava)
Guava is a common tropical fruit, botanically a berry, cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions. Psidium guajava (Common Guava, Lemon Guava) is a small tree in the Myrtaceae myrtle family, native to Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America. In Latin American countries, the popular beverage agua fresca is often made with Guava. The entire fruit is a key ingredient in punch, and the juice is often used in culinary sauces (hot or cold), ales, candies, dried snacks, fruit bars, and desserts, or dipped in chamoy. In many countries, Guava is eaten raw, typically cut into quarters or eaten like an apple. It is also eaten with a pinch of salt and pepper, cayenne powder or a mix of spices (masala).
Hog Plum (Spondias mombin)
Hog Plum, or Yellow Mombin, is a species of tree and flowering plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is native to the tropical Americas, including the West Indies. The fruit pulp is either eaten fresh or made into juice, concentrate, jellies, and sherbets.
Huckleberry (Gaylussacia species)
Huckleberry is a name used in North America for several plants in the Ericaceae family, in two the closely related Vaccinium and Gaylussacia genera. The name "Huckleberry" is a North American variation of the English name variously called ""Hurtleberry"" or ""Whortleberry"" for the Bilberry. In North America the name was applied to numerous plant variations all bearing small berries with colors that may be red, blue or black. It is the common name for various Gaylussacia species and some Vaccinium species such as the Red Huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium), and is also applied to other Vaccinium species that may also be called Blueberries.
Jaboticaba (Plinia cauliflora)
Jaboticaba, (aka Jabuticaba and the Brazilian Grapetree), is a tree in the Myrtaceae family, native to Minas Gerais, Goiás and São Paulo states in Brazil. Jabuticabas are largely eaten fresh, but since they ferment quickly after harvestt are often used to make jams, tarts, strong wines, and liqueurs. Due to the short shelf-life, fresh Jabuticaba fruit is rare in markets outside areas of cultivation. The fruit has been compared to Muscadine grapes or to Japanese Kyoho grapes.
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
The Jackfruit, or Jack Tree, is a species of tree in the fig, mulberry, and Moraceae breadfruit family. Its origin is in the region between the Western Ghats of southern India, all of Sri Lanka and the rainforests of Malaysia. It bears the largest fruit of all trees, reaching as much as 55 kg (120 pounds). Jackfruit has a distinctive sweet and fruity aroma. A fully ripe and unopened Jackfruit is known to emit a strong, perhaps unpleasant aroma, while the inside of the fruit described as smelling of pineapple and banana. Roasted seeds may be used as a commercial alternative to chocolate aroma. The flavor of the ripe fruit is comparable to a combination of apple, banana, mango, and pineapple. Jackfruit is eaten on its own, in salads or as a vegetable in spicy curries, as a side dish, and as fillings for cutlets and chops. Green, unripe Jackfruit has a mild taste and a meat-like texture, is cooked like a vegetable, and is sometimes called "vegetable meat".
[Common] Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba)
Jujube, also known as Common Jujube, Red Date, Chinese Date, or Chinese Jujube, is a species in the genus of Ziziphus in the Rhamnaceae buckthorn family. Freshly harvested or candied dried fruit are often eaten as a snack. Smoked Jujubes are consumed in Vietnam and are referred to as Black Jujubes. Both China and Korea produce a sweetened tea syrup containing Jujube fruit in glass jars, and Jujube Tea (canned or in teabags form).
[Indian] Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana)
The Indian Jujube, Indian Plum, Chinese Date (differs from Common Jujube), Chinee Apple, or Dunks is a tropical fruit tree species belonging to the Rhamnaceae family. The fruit is eaten raw, pickled or used in beverages. It is quite nutritious and rich in vitamin C, second only to guava and much higher than citrus or apples. In India, the ripe fruits are mostly consumed raw, but are sometimes stewed. Slightly underripe fruits are candied. Ripe fruits are preserved by sun-drying and a powder is prepared for off-season use.
Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix)
The Kaffir Lime, also known as Makrut Lime, Thai Lime, and Mauritius Papeda, is a citrus fruit native to tropical Southeast Asia and southern China. The fruit and leaves are used in Southeast Asian cuisine and its essential oil is used in perfumery. The rind and crushed leaves emit an intense citrus fragrance.
Key Lime (Citrus x aurantifolia)
Key Lime is also known as West Indian Lime, Bartender's Lime, Omani lime, and Mexican Lime. The Key Lime is smaller, seedier, has higher acidity, stronger aroma, and thinner rind than the Persian Lime, and is valued for its characteristic flavor. It's name is associated with the Florida Keys, where it is best known as the flavoring ingredient of Key Lime Pie.
Kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa)
Kiwi, (aka Kiwifruit or Chinese Goosberry) is the edible berry of several species of woody vines in the genus Actinidia. The most common cultivar group is Actinidia deliciosa, or "Hayward". The fruit has a soft texture with a sweet and unique flavor. In 2018, global production of Kiwifruit was 4 million tonnes, led by China with slightly more than half of the world total, with Italy, New Zealand, Iran, Greece and Chile also significant producers. Kiwi Berries are edible fruits the size of a large grape, similar to Kiwifruit in taste and internal appearance. However, the thin, smooth green skin and lack of fuzz makes eating the entire fruit more pleasant. These are also referred to as Baby Kiwi, Dessert Kiwi, Grape Kiwi, or Cocktail Kiwi.
Kumquat (Fortunella species)
Kumquats (or cumquats in Australian English) is group of small fruit-bearing trees in the flowering plant Rutaceae family native to China, but now grown worldwide. Historically these have be classified in the genus Fortunella, but more recently under Citrus. The edible fruit resembles a small Orange, being approximately the size of a large olive. Kumquat is a fairly cold-hardy citrus, and there are a number of species and hybrids. Depending on the variety, they are used as ornamental plants, eaten whole, or used to make marmalade and jelly.
Lemon (Citrus limon)
Lemon is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant Rutaceae family, native to South Asia, primarily Northeast India. Lemon juice, rind, and peel are used in a wide variety of foods and drinks. The whole lemon is used to make marmalade, lemon curd and lemon liqueur. Lemon slices and lemon rind are used as a garnish for food and drinks. Lemon zest, the grated outer rind of the fruit, is used to add flavor to baked goods, puddings, rice, and other dishes. Lemon juice is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a pH of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. The top global producers were India, Mexico, China, Argentina, Brazil, and Turkey, accounting for 65% of the world's production in 2018.
Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)
Lingonberry, also known as Partridgeberry, Mountain Cranberry, Cowberry, and many other names, is a small evergreen shrub in the Ericaceae heath family that bears edible fruit. It is native to boreal forest and Arctic tundra throughout the Northern Hemisphere, from Europe and Asia to North America. The tart berries are often cooked and sweetened before eating in the form of lingonberry jam, compote, juice, smoothie or syrup.
Lime (various Citrus species and hybrids)
A Lime is a citrus fruit with diverse genetic origins. It is typically round, green in color, and contains acidic juice. There are several species of citrus trees whose fruits are called limes, including the Key Lime, Persian Lime, Kaffir Lime, and Desert Lime. Limes are a rich source of vitamin C, are sour, and are often used to accent the flavors of foods and beverages. They are grown year-round.
Loganberry (Rubus x loganobaccus)
The Loganberry is a hybrid of the North American blackberry (Rubus ursinus) and the European raspberry (Rubus idaeus). The plant and the fruit resemble the Blackberry more than the Raspberry, but the fruit color is a dark red, rather than black as in Blackberries. Loganberries are consumed fresh, or used for juice, jams, pies, crumbles, fruit syrups, and wines. Loganberry plants are sturdy and more disease-resistent and frost-resistant than many other berries. However, they are not popular with commercial growers due to several problems which increase labor costs because the plants tend to be thorny and the berries are often hidden by the leaves. Additionally, berries of varying maturity may grow on a single plant, making it difficult to completely harvest each plant. Therefore, Loganberries are mostly grown in household gardens.
Longan (Dimocarpus longan)
The Longan is a tropical tree species that produces edible fruit, and is one of the better-known tropical members of the Sapindaceae soapberry family, and is native to tropical Asia and China. The fruit is similar to that of the Lychee, but less aromatic in taste.
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica)
The Loquat is a large evergreen shrub or tree, grown commercially for its orange fruit and for its leaves. It is also known as Japanese Plum, Chinese Plum, and in Japan as Biwa. The Loquat has a high sugar, acid and pectin content. It is eaten as a fresh fruit and mixes well with other fruits in fresh fruit salads or fruit cups. The fruits are also used to make jam, jelly and chutney, and are often served poached in light syrup. The leaves are used to make "Biwacha" tea. Japan is the leading producer.
Lychee (Litchi chinensis)
Lychee is the sole member of the genus Litchi in the Sapindaceae soapberry family. It is a tropical tree native to the Guangdong and Fujian provinces of southeastern China. The lychee bears small fleshy fruits. The outside of the fruit is pink-red, roughly textured, and inedible, covering sweet flesh eaten in many different dessert dishes.
Mamey Apple (Mammea americana)
The Mamey Apple, also known as Mamee Apple, Mamey, Mammee, Santo Domingo Apricot, Tropical Apricot, and South American Apricot, is an evergreen tree of the Calophyllaceae family with edible fruit. Though edible,[ this fruit has received little attention worldwide. The raw flesh can be served in fruit salads, or with wine, sugar, or cream. In the Bahamas it is used to make a sort of jam. In the French West Indies, the flowsers are distilled to make an aromatic liqueur, eau créole, or crème créole.
Mandarin Lime (Citrus x limonia)
Mandarin Lime, also known as Rangpur or Lemandarin, is a hybrid cross between a Mandarin Orange and the Citron. The fruit is highly acidic and can be used as a substitute for Limes. However the name Lime in connection with this fruit is misleading because there are very few similarities between the Rangpur and other fruits called limes.
Mandarin Orange (Citrus reticulata)
The Mandarin Orange, also known as the Mandarin or Mandarine, is a small citrus tree fruit, and is treated as a distinct species of Orange. It is usually eaten plain or in fruit salads.
Mango (Mangifera indica)
Mango is an edible stone fruit produced by the tropical tree Mangifera indica, believed to have originated from the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and northeastern India. There are several hundred cultivars, and are grown worldwide in tropical and subtropical climates. Mangoes are generally sweet, although the taste and texture of the flesh varies across cultivars. Some, such as Alphonso, have a soft, pulpy, juicy texture similar to an overripe plum. Others, such as Tommy Atkins, are firmer, like a cantaloupe or avocado, with a fibrous texture. Mango is eaten as fruit, used to make juices, smoothies, ice cream, fruit bars, chutney, raspados, aguas frescas, pies, and sweet chili sauce, or mixed with chamoy, a sweet and spicy chili paste.
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana)
Mangosteen, also known as the Purple Mangosteen, is a tropical evergreen tree with edible fruit native to tropical lands surrounding the Indian Ocean. The fruit of the Mangosteen is sweet and tangy, juicy, somewhat fibrous. THe inedible rind is a deep reddish-purple colored rind when ripe. Mangosteens are available fresh, canned and frozen in Western countries. The fruit may be served as a dessert or made into jams. In Vietnam, the ripe fruit is also used as a salad ingredient.
Medlar (Mespilus species)
The Medlar or Common Medlar, is a large shrub or small tree in the Rosaceae rose family, and its fruit is also called the Medlar. it is indigenous to Iran, southwest Asia, and southeastern Europe, especially the Black Sea coasts of Bulgaria and Turkey. It may have been cultivated for as long as 3,000 years. The medlar is an edible fruit, used only for eating. The fruits are hard and acidic even when ripe, but become edible after being softened by frost or storage. When softening begins, the skin takes on a wrinkled texture and turns dark brown, and the inside reduces to the consistency and flavor reminiscent of apple sauce.
Melon (Cucumis melo)
Melons in the genus Cucumis are culinary fruits. The majority of culinary melons belong to this species. Botanically, a Melon is a berry belonging to the gourd family. The flesh is either sweet or bland, with or without a musky aroma. The rind can be smooth (such as Honeydew), ribbed (such as Cantaloupe), wrinkled (such as Casaba Melon), or netted (such as Muskmelon). "Cantaloupe" refers to two varieties of Muskmelon: the North American Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo variety reticulatus) and the European Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo variety cantalupensis). The North American Cantaloupe has a net-like skin and a subtler, less distinct flavor, while the European Cantaloupe has light green skin and sweeter flesh. While all Cantaloupes are Muskmelons, not all Muskmelons are Cantaloupes.
Miracle Fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum)
Miracle Fruit, also known as Miracle Berry, Miraculous Berry, and Sweet Berry is the berry from a plant in the Sapotaceae family. Eating this berry causes sour foods such as lemons and limes that are subsequently consumed to taste sweet due to the effect of the taste-modifying compound miraculin. Miraculin itself is not sweet.
Mulberry (various Morus species)
Mulberry are berries from a genus of flowering plants in the genus Morus of the Moraceae family. It consists of diverse species of deciduous trees commonly known as Mulberries, growing wild and under cultivation in many temperate world regions. The three main species are White Mulberry, Red Mulberry, and Black Mulberry.
Musk Cucumber (Sicana odorifera)
Musk Cucumber, also known as Cassabanana, Casbanan, Sikana, and Puttigel is the fruit of a large, herbaceous perennial vine native to tropical South America. The fruit is large, up to 60 cm long, with skin of variable color. The fruit has a delicious, melon-like taste when it is ripe. The yellow-to-orange flesh of mature fruit is eaten raw or made into preserves. The immature fruit can be cooked as a vegetable.
Musk Strawberry (Fragaria moschata)
The Musk Strawberry, or Hautbois Strawberry, is a species of Strawberry native to Europe. They are cultivated commercially on a small scale, particularly in Italy. The fruits are small and round, and they are used in the gourmet community for their intense aroma and flavor which has been compared to a mixture of regular strawberry, raspberry and pineapple.
Nectarine (Prunus persica variety nucipersica or variety nectarina)
Nectarine is a variety of Peach, sometimes called the "shaved peach" or "fuzzless peach". Though Peaches and Nectarines are regarded commercially as different fruits, The lack of skin fuzz can make Nectarine skins appear more reddish than those of Peaches, contributing to the fruit's plum-like appearance.
Orange (various Citrus species and hybrids)
The Orange is the fruit of various citrus species in the Rutaceae family. It primarily refers to Citrus × sinensis, also called Sweet Orange, to distinguish it from the related Citrus × aurantium, known as the Bitter Orange or Sour Orange.) There are dozens of varieties of Sweet Oranges and hybrids. The Orange itself is a cross between Pomelo (Citrus maxima) and Mandarin that originated in a region encompassing Southern China, Northeast India, and Myanmar. It is now the most cultivated fruit tree in the world. In 2019, Brazil produced 22% of the world orange crop, followed by China and India.
Oregon Grape (Mahonia species)
Oregon Grape or Holly-leaved Berberry, is a species of flowering plant in the Berberidaceae family, native to western North America. The small purplish-black fruits, are quite tart, and can be eaten alone. They can also be made into jelly, sometimes mixed with salal or some other sweeter fruit. The juice can also be made into wine.
Papaya (Carica papaya)
The Papaya, also known as Papaw and Pawpaw, is one of the 22 accepted species in the genus Carica of the Caricaceae family. They originated in the tropics of the Americas, and are now grown in tropical climates worldwide. Two kinds of papayas are commonly grown, one with sweet, red or orange flesh, and the other with yellow flesh". The unripe green fruit can be eaten cooked, but not raw due to its poisonous latex content. The ripe fruit of the papaya is usually eaten raw, without skin or seeds. The edible black seeds of the papaya have a sharp, spicy taste. In 2018, India produced 45% of the world Papaya.
Passionfruit (Passiflora species)
Passionfruit (or Passion Fruit), is a vine species of passion flower native to southern Brazil through Paraguay and northern Argentina. It is grown commercially worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas for its sweet, seedy fruit. It is both eaten and juiced, the juice often added to other fruit juices to enhance aroma. The bright yellow flavicarpa variety, also known as Yellow or Golden Passionfruit, can grow up to the size of a grapefruit. It has a smooth, glossy, light and airy rind, and has been used as a rootstock for Purple Passionfruit in Australia. The dark purple edulis variety is smaller than a lemo, is less acidic than Yellow Passionfruit, and has a richer aroma and flavor.
Pawpaw (Asimina triloba)
Pawpaw, American Pawpaw, Paw Paw, or Paw-Paw (among many regional names), is a small deciduous tree native to the eastern United States and Canada in the Annonaceae family. It produces a large, yellowish-green to brown fruit. The Pawpaw fruits have an appearance somewhat like a yellow Mango, and have a sweet, custard-like flavor somewhat similar to banana, mango, and pineapple. It is commonly eaten raw, and is also used to make ice cream and baked desserts.
Peach (Prunus persica)
The Peach is a deciduous tree native to the region of Northwest China. It bears edible juicy fruits with various characteristics, most of them called Peaches, while the glossy-skinned varieties are called Nectarines. There are hundreds of known Peach and Nectarine cultivars. These are classified into two categories—freestones and clingstones. Freestones are those whose flesh separates readily from the pit, and clingstones are those whose flesh clings tightly to the pit. Peaches and Nectarines can also have white or yellow flesh. Nectarines are generally slightly smaller and sweeter than peaches, but with much overlap. In 2018, world production of Peaches was led by by China with 62% of the world total. The US state of Georgia, known as the "Peach State" was third in US peach production behind California and South Carolina. Seeds of Peaches and other stone fruits contain poisonous hydrogen cyanide, although you would have to consume a rather large amount to become ill.
Persian Lime (Citrus x latifolia)
Persian Lime, also known as Seedless Lime, Bearss Lime, and Tahiti Lime, is hybrid lime. It is the preferred commericial species for cultivation owing to its large size, absence of seeds, hardiness, absence of thorns on the bushes, and longer fruit shelf life. Persian Limes are less acidic than Key Limes and do not have the bitterness that lends to the Key Lime's unique flavor. Mexico is the leading producer.
Plantain (Musa species and hybrids)
Plantains, also known as "cooking" or "green" bananas", are a banana cultivar that is starchier and less sweet than "dessert bananas". Cooking bananas are a major food staple in West and Central Africa, the Caribbean islands, Central America, northern South America, India, Indonesia, and the Phillipines. There is no botanical distinction between Bananas and Plantains, and cooking is a matter of custom in most varieties.
Pear (Pyrus communis)
The Pear tree and shrub are a species in the Rosaceae family, bearing the pomaceous fruit of the same name. Several species of Pears are valued for their edible fruit and juices, while others are cultivated as trees. Pyrus communis, known as the European Pear or Common Pear, is a species of pear native to central and eastern Europe and southwest Asia. Roughly 20 to 25 European cultivars and 10 to 20 Asian cultivars represent most commericial production. This is one of the most important fruits of temperate regions, being the species from which most orchard pear cultivars grown in Europe, North America, and Australia have been developed. Two other species of pear, the Nashi pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) and the hybrid Chinese White or Ya Pear (Pyrus × bretschneideri) are more widely grown in Asia.
Persimmon (Diospyros species)
The Persimmon is the edible fruit of a number of species of trees in is the Ebenaceae family. Botanically, the fruit is a berry. The most widely cultivated of these is the Oriental Persimmon (Diospyros kaki), also known as the Chinese Persimmon or Japanese Persimmon. This species is native to China, Northeast India and northern Indochina. The fruit has a high tannin content, which makes the unripe fruit astringent and bitter. The tannin levels are reduced as the fruit matures. When ripe, this fruit comprises thick, pulpy jelly encased in a waxy thin-skinned shell. The American Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) is native to the eastern United States. It is harvested in the fall or after the first frost. The fruit is eaten fresh, in baked goods, or in steamed puddings.
Pineapple (Ananas comosus)
The Pineapple is a tropical plant with an edible fruit and the most economically significant plant in the Bromeliaceae family. It is native to South America. The flesh and juice of the pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with a cherry in the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in desserts, as well as in some savory dishes. Crushed pineapple is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and ice cream. The juice is served as a beverage, and it is also the main ingredient in cocktails such as the piña colada and in the drink tepache. Costa Rica, Brazil, and the Philippines accounted for nearly one-third of the world's production of Pineapples as of 2016.
Plum (various Prunus species)
A Plum is a fruit of some species in subgenus Prunus. A dried Plum is called a Prune. Japanese or Chinese Plums (Prunus salicina) are large and juicy with a long shelf life, and therefore dominate the fresh fruit market in North America and East Asia. In Europe, the European Plum (Prunus domestica) is also common in fresh fruit markets, and have both dessert (eating) oand culinary (cooking) cultivars. Global production of Plums as of 2019 was led by China with 56% of the world total.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum)
The Pomegranate is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub in the Lythraceae family, subfamily Punicoideae. Botanically, the edible fruit is a berry with seeds and pulp produced from the ovary of a single flower. They are widely cultivated throughout the Middle East and Caucasus region, north and tropical Africa, the Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, the drier parts of Southeast Asia, and the Mediterranean Basin. After the Pomegranate is opened, the seeds are separated from the peel and from the inedible internal pulp membranes. Separating the seeds is easier in a bowl of water because the seeds sink. Freezing the entire fruit also makes separating the seeds easier. Pomegranate juice can be sweet or sour, but most fruits are moderate in taste; thickened and sweetened juice is known as Grenadine syrup. The seeds are also used to make various sauces and spices.
Pomelo (Citrus maxima or Citrus grandis)
The Pomelo is the largest citrus fruit from the Rutaceae family and the principal ancestor of the grapefruit. It is a natural (i.e., non-hybrid) citrus fruit, native to Southeast Asia that is similar in taste to a sweet grapefruit. The flesh tastes like a mild Grapefruit, but less bitter. There are two varieties: a sweet kind with white flesh, and a sour kind with pinkish flesh, the latter more likely to be used in ceremonies, rather than eaten. The juice is regarded as delicious, and the rind is used to make preserves or may be candied.
Prickly Pear (various Opuntia species)
Prickly Pear is cactus that has long been a domesticated crop plant grown in agricultural economies throughout arid and semiarid parts of the world. Culinary references to Prickly Pear refer to the fruit of the Opuntia fic, also known as Barbary Fig, Indian Fig, Cactus Pear, and Spineless Cactus.s Cactus. The fruits are eaten raw, and have one of the highest concentrations of vitamin C of any fruit. The “leaves” (technically stems) are cooked and eaten as a vegetable having a texture and flavor like string beans. The fruits or leaves can be boiled, used raw, or blended with fruit juice, cooked and used as a side dish with chicken, or added to tacos. The fruits, remembling strawberries and figs in color and flavor, are also used to make jams and jellies.
Quandong Nut (Santalum acuminatum)
The Quandong, also known as the Desert Peach or Desert Quandong, is a plant in the Santalaceae sandalwood family, native to Australia. The fruit and nut were important foods to the peoples of arid and semiarid central Australia, especially for its high vitamin C content. The red, pulpy flesh is tart and reminiscent of peach, apricot, or rhubarb, and is used in pies, jams, and savory dishes. The nuts are customarily roasted.
Quince (Cydonia oblonga)
The Quince is the sole member of the genus Cydonia in the Rosaceae family (which also contains apples and pears, among other fruits). It is a tree fruit that bears a deciduous pome fruit, similar in appearance to a pear, and is cultivated on all continents in warm-temperate and temperate climates. The fruit are a bright golden-yellow when mature, and are appreciated for their intense aroma, flavor, and tartness. However, most varieties of quince are too hard and tart to be eaten raw; even ripe fruits should be subjected to bletting to be suitable for consumption. However, they may be cooked or roasted and used for jams, marmalade, jellies, or pudding.
Raisin Tree (Hovenia dulcis)
The Raisin Tree, Japanese Raisin Tree, or Oriental Raisin Tree, is a hardy tree found from Asia, over Eastern China and Korea to the Himalayas. The fleshy fruit is sweet, fragrant and is edible raw or cooked. Dried, they look and taste like raisins. An extract of the seeds, bough and young leaves can be used as a substitute for honey, and is used for making candy and wine.
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum)
The Rambutan is a medium-sized tropical tree in the Sapindaceae family. The name also refers to the edible fruit produced by this tree. The Rambutan is native to Southeast Asia, and is closely related to several other edible tropical fruits including the Lychee, Longan, Pulasan and Mamoncillo. The fruit flesh, the aril, is translucent, whitish or very pale pink, with a sweet, mildly acidic flavor reminiscent of grapes. Soft and containing equal portions of saturated and unsaturated fats, the seeds may be cooked and eaten. The peeled fruits can be eaten raw or cooked and eaten: first, the grape-like fleshy aril, then the nutty seed, with no waste.
Raspberry (various Rubus species)
The Raspberry is the edible fruit of a multitude of plant species in the genus Rubus of the rose family, most of which are in the subgenus Idaeobatus. The name also applies to these plants themselves. The distinction between the Raspberry and the Blackberry relatives is whether or not the torus (receptacle or stem) stays with the fruit when picked. For the Blackberry, the the torus stays with the fruit, but with the Raspberry, the torus remains on the plant, leaving a hollow core in the Raspberry fruit.
Red Mulberry (Morus rubra)
The Red Mulberry, is a species of mulberry native to eastern and central North America. It is listed as an endangered species in Canada, and is susceptible to hybridization with the invasive White Mulberry introduced from Asia. The berries are edible and very sweet, and are eaten raw, used in pastry fillings, and fermented into wine.
Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)
The Sea Buckthron, also known as a Sandthorn, Sallowthorn, or Seaberry is a deciduous shrubs in the Elaeagnaceae family that produces orange-yellow berries. It is unrelated true buckthorns (Rhamnus, family Rhamnaceae). The Common Sea Buckthorn is the most widespread species, with the ranges of its eight subspecies extending from the Atlantic coasts of Europe across to northwestern Mongolia and northwestern China. In western Europe, it is largely confined to sea coasts. The fruit can be used to make juice, pies, jams, lotions, teas, fruit wines, and liquors.
Serviceberry (Amelanchier species)
Serviceberry, also known Shadbush, Shadwood or Shadblow, Sarvisberry (or just Sarvis), Juneberry, Saskatoon, Sugarplum, Wild-plum, or Chuckley pear, is a genus of about 20 species of deciduous-leaved shrubs and small trees in the Rosaceae rose family. The fruit of several species are excellent to eat raw or in pies and jams, and tastessomewhat like a blueberry, strongly accented by the almond-like flavor of the seeds. THe Saskatoon is harvested commercially.
Smooth Gooseberry (Ribes hirtellum)
See Currant.
Strawberry (Fragaria species and hybrids)
The Strawberry, or Garden Strawberry, is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus Fragaria, collectively known as Strawberries. They are cultivated worldwide, and are widely appreciated for their aroma, bright red color, juicy texture, and sweetness. They are consumed in large quantities, either fresh or in prepared foods such as jam, juice, pies, ice cream, milkshakes, and chocolates. From a botanical viewpoint, the Strawberry is an aggregate accessory fruit, rather than a berry.
Sweet Lime (Citrus x limetta)
Sweet Lime and Sweet Lemon refer to a diverse groups of citrus hybrids that contain low acid pulp and juice. They are hybrids often similar to non-sweet lemons or limes, but with less citron parentage.[1] Sweet limes and lemons are not sharply separated.
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
Tamarind is a leguminous tree of the Fabaceae family, and is indigenous to tropical Africa. The tree produces brown, pod-like fruits that contain a sweet, tangy pulp used in cuisines around the world. The hard green pulp of a young fruit is considered by many to be too sour, but is often used as a component of savory dishes or as as a pickling agent. As the fruit matures it becomes sweeter and less sour (acidic) and the ripened fruit is considered more palatable. Tamarind paste has many culinary uses including a flavoring for chutneys, curries, and sharbat syrup drink.
Tangerine (Citrus reticulata)
The Tangerine is a type of orange that is smaller and less round than the common Orange. The taste is considered less sour, as well as sweeter and stronger, than that of an Orange. Tangerines are most commonly peeled and eaten by hand. The fresh fruit is also used in salads, desserts and main dishes. The peel is used fresh or dried as a spice or zest for baking and drinks. Fresh tangerine juice and frozen juice concentrate are commonly available in the US.
Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota)
The Sapodilla, also known as Sapota, Chikoo, Chico, Naseberry, and Nispero, an evergreen tree native to southern Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. It is grown in large quantities in India, Pakistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Bangladesh and Mexico. The fruit is a large berry, and its flesh ranges from a pale yellow to an earthy brown color with a grainy texture akin to that of a well-ripened pear. The fruit has an exceptionally sweet, malty flavor.
Sapote (Pouteria sapota)
The Sapote, or Mamey Sapote, is a species of tree native to Mexico and Central America, and also cultivated in the Caribbean. The fruit is made into foods such as milkshakes and ice cream.
Soursop (Annona muricata)
oursop, also known as Graviola, Guyabano, and Guanábana, is the fruit of a broadleaf, flowering, evergreen tree in the Annonaceae family, and is native to the tropical regions of the Americas and the Caribbean. It is in the same genus as Cherimoya. The aroma is similar to pineapple, and the flavor has been described as a combination of strawberries and apple with sour citrus flavor notes. The underlying thick creamy texture is reminiscent of banana. The flesh consists of an edible, white pulp, some fiber, and a core of indigestible black seeds. The pulp is also used to make fruit nectar, smoothies, fruit juice drinks, as well as candies, sorbets, and ice cream flavorings.
Star Apple (Chrysophyllum cainito)
The Star Apple, also known as Abiaba, Aguay, Caimito, Cainito, Estrella, Golden Leaf Tree, Milk Fruit, Pomme de lait, Purple Star Apple, and Tar Apple, is a tropical evergreen tree of the Sapotaceae family. It is native to the Greater Antilles and the West Indies, and is now grown throughout the tropics. The sweet fruits are used as a fresh dessert fruit and are often served chilled.
Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)
The Sweetsop, or Sugar-Apple, is the fruit of Annona squamosa, the most widely grown species of Annona and a native of tropical climate in the Americas and West Indies. The color is typically pale green through blue-green, with a deep pink blush in certain varieties. The flesh is fragrant and sweet, creamy white through light yellow, and resembles and tastes like custard.
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)
Watermelon is a flowering plant species of the Cucurbitaceae family. Watermelon is grown in favorable climates from tropical to temperate regions worldwide for its large edible fruit.
Wax Gourd (Benincasa hispida)
See under Vegetables.
White Mulberry (Morus alba)
The White Mulberry, Common Mulberry, or Silkworm Mulberry, is a fast-growing, small to medium-sized mulberry tree native to central China. The White Mulberry is widely cultivated to feed the silkworms employed in the commercial production of silk. The berries are edible when ripe, but not as flavorful as the Black Mulberry or Red Mulberry.
Wild Mango (Irvingia species)
Wild Mango, also known as Andok, African Mango, Bush Mango, Dika, Modika, Ogbono, Odika, and Òro, is a species of African trees in the genus Irvingia. They bear edible mango-like fruits, and are especially valued for their fat-rich and protein-rich nuts. In addition to the fresh fruits, they are processed into jelly, jam, juice and sometimes wine. The ground nuts provide a smoked scent to the meals, including meat and poultry dishes.
Wild Strawberry (Fragraria vesca)
A Wild Strawberry, also know as an Alpine Strawberry, Carpathian strawberry, European strawberry, Woodland Strawberry, or fraisier des bois, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the rose family that grows naturally throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, and that produces edible fruits. See Stawberry.

A vegetable usually refers to the edible portions of certain herbaceous plants including the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruit, or seeds.

Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus, variety scolymus)
The Globe Artichoke, also known as the French Artichoke or Green Artichoke, is a variety of a species of thistle cultivated as a food. The edible portion of the plant consists of the flower buds before the flowers come into bloom on an edible base. Once the buds bloom, the structure changes to a coarse, barely edible form.
Amaranth (Amaranthus species)
Amaranth is one of about 75 species of pseudocereals that are grown for their edible starchy seeds; they are not in the same botanical family as true cereals. Amaranth grain is high in protein and lysine, but must be cooked because the raw grain blocks nutrient absorption. In many places, wild Amaranth is considered a weed. Most Amaranth grain currently grown is sold in health food shops.
Arugula (Eruca vesicaria sativa)
Arugula, also known as Colewort, Garden Rocket, Rocket, Roquette, Ruchetta, Rucola, Rucoli, and Rugula, is an annual plant in they Brassicaceae family native to the Mediterranean region, and is now cultivated worldwide. It is used as a leaf vegetable for its fresh, tart, bitter, and peppery flavor. In addition to being used in salads, it is also used in sauces, and as a topping in a wide variety of dishes.
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis)
Asparagus, also known as Garden Asparagus, and by the folk name Sparrow Grass, is a perennial flowering plant plant in the Asparagaceae family. It has been grown since ancient times in maritime areas of Europe and the Mediterranean region, is now grown in suitable climates worldwide, with China, Peru, and Mexico being the largest commercial producers. Its young shoots are used as a spring vegetable. Only young Asparagus shoots are commonly eaten because it becomes woody once the buds start to open. Green Asparagus is served worldwide and prepared in a number of ways, typically as an appetizer, a vegetable side dish, or stir-fried. White Asparagus is the result of applying a blanching technique while the asparagus shoots are growing, resulting in a shoots that are less bitter and more tender.
Avocado (Persea americana)
See Avocado under Fruits.
Bamboo (various species)
Bamboo is a diverse group of perennial flowering evergreen plants in the subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass family Poaceae. Bamboo is used in numerous Asian dishes and broths, and is available in supermarkets, both fresh and canned. Fresh Bamboo shoots contain a toxin taxiphyllin (a cyanogenic glycoside) that produces cyanide in the gut; processing is required to render them edible.
Bean (Phaseolus, Vigna, and other genera)
A Bean is the seed of one of several genera of the flowering plant in the Fabaceae family. They are used as vegetables for both human and animal food. They can be cooked in many different ways, including baking, boiling, and frying, and are used in traditional dishes throughout the world.
Beet (Beta vulgaris)
Beet is a species of flowering plant in the Betoideae subfamily of the Amaranthaceaes family. Beets are cultivated worldwide in regions without severe frosts. There are several cultivar groups including the Sugar Beet (used to produce table sugar), the Beetroot or Garden Beet (eaten as a vegetable), Chard or Spinach Beet (a leaf vegetable), and Mangelwurzel (a fodder crop). The typically deep-red roots of Garden Beet can be baked, boiled, or steamed, and often served hot as a cooked vegetable or cold as a salad vegetable.
Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum)
The Bell Pepper, also known as Capsicum, Pepper, or Sweet Pepper, is the fruit of plants in the Grossum cultivar group of the species Capsicum annuum. Cultivars of the plant produce fruits in different colors, including red, yellow, orange, green, white, and purple. While they are fruits—botanically classified as berries, they are commonly used as a vegetable ingredient or side dish.
Bok Choy (Brassica rapa, variety chinensis)
Bok Choy, or Pak Choi (British English), is a a type of Chinese Cabbage in the Brassicaceae family. It is popular in southern China, East Asia, and Southeast Asia, and being winter-hardy, it is becoming increasingly grown in Northern Europe. Chinensis varieties do not form heads, and they have green leaf blades with a light, bulbous bottom. Bok Choy is widely used in Chinese cooking, frequently in soups, salads, stir-fries and fillings for spring rolls, steamed buns and dumplings. It has a mild flavor that is especially goood when stir-fried in sesame oil with garlic, ginger, and Soy Sauce or salt.
Borage (Borago officinalis)
Borage, also known as Starflower, is an annual herb in the Boraginaceae flowering plant family. It is native to the Mediterranean region, and has naturalized in many other locales. Commercial cultivation is mainly as an oilseed, but Borage is used as either a fresh vegetable or a dried herb. Borage has a Cucumber-like taste, is used in salads or as a garnish. The flower has a sweet, honey-like taste and is often used to decorate desserts. It is also used to decorate cocktails, most commonly frozen in ice cubes.
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)
See Breadfruit under Fruits.
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea, variety italica)
Broccoli (Brassica is an edible green plant in the Brassicaceae cabbage family. The mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves. Broccoli resembles cauliflower, which is a different, but closely related cultivar group of the same Brassica species. It is eaten either raw or cooked. Broccoli is a particularly rich source of vitamin C and vitamin K. Contents of its characteristic sulfur-containing glucosinolate compounds, isothiocyanates and sulforaphane, are diminished by boiling, but are better preserved by steaming, microwaving or stir-frying. China and India accounted for 73% of the worldwide production in 2019. In the US, Broccoli is grown year-round in California, which produces 92% of the crop nationally, with 95% of the crop produced for fresh sales. Broccoli cannot be harvested using machines, meaning it must be hand-harvested.
Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea, variety gemmifera)
The Brussels Sprout is a plant belonging to the Brassicaceae family. It is grown for its edible buds, which resemble resemble miniature cabbages. Brussels Sprouts are prepared by boiling, steaming, stir-frying, grilling, slow cooking, or roasting.
Burdock (Arctium species)
Brudock is a biennial plant in the Asteraceae family. It is native to Europe and Asia, and several species have been widely introduced worldwide. While generally out of favor in modern European cuisine, it is popular in East Asia. It is known as niúbàng (牛蒡) in Chinese, gobō (ごぼう) in Japanese as, and u-eong (우엉) in Korean. Burdock root is very crisp, and has a sweet, mild, or pungent flavor; the slight harshness can reduced by soaking julienned or shredded roots in water.
Caper (Capparis species)
The Caper Bush, also called Flinders Rose, is a perennial plant that bears rounded, fleshy leaves and large white to pinkish-white flowers. It is native to most Mediterranean countries. The plant is best known for the edible flower buds, Capers, used as a seasoning, and the fruit, Caper Berries, both of which are usually consumed pickled. The salted and pickled Caper Bud (called simply a Caper) is used as an ingredient, seasoning or garnish in Mediterranean cuisine. They are distinctive ingredient in Italian cuisine, and are commonly used in salads, pasta salads, meat dishes, and pasta sauces. Capers are also an ingredient in tartar sauce.
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
Cabbage is a leafy green, red (purple), or white (pale green) biennial plant from the Brassicaceae (aka Cruciferae) family. It is grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads, and was most likely domesticated somewhere in Europe around 1000 BC. Cabbage is prepared and consumed in many ways including raw, steamed, stewed, sautéed, braised, fermented, and pickled.
Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus)
The Cardoon, also called the Artichoke Thistle, is a thistle in the Asteracaea sunflower family. It is a naturally occurring species that also has many cultivated forms, including the Globe Artichoke. While the flower buds can be eaten, much as small, spiny Artichokes, more often the edible innermost stems are eaten after braising in cooking liquid. The flower buds are also employed in cheesemaking, where the pistils of the cardoon flower are used as a vegetable rennet in the making of some Spanish and Portuguese cheeses. Cardoon leaf stalks, which look like giant celery stalks, can be served steamed or braised, and have an artichoke-like flavor with a hint of bitterness; they are considered a delicacy in Spain.
Carrot (Daucus carota)
The Carrot is a biennial root vegetable in the Apiaceae umbellifer family. It is native to Europe and Southwestern Asia, probably originating in Persia. They are usually orange, although purple, black, red, white, and yellow cultivars exist. The most commonly eaten part of the plant is the taproot, although the stems and leaves are also eaten. Pulping, or cooking and adding cooking oil, can significantly improve the amount of β-carotene released. They may be chopped and boiled, fried or steamed, cooked in soups and stews, and used in baby and pet foods. The sweetness of carrots allows the vegetable to be used like a fruit in dishes such as Carrot Cake and Carrot Pudding. Carrots can also be used in jams and preserves, and Carrot Juice is widely marketed as a health drink.
Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Cassava, also known as Manioc and Yuca, is a woody shrub of the Euphorbiaceae spurge family that is native to South America. Cassava is the third-largest source of food carbohydrates in the tropics after Rice and Maize. Cassava is classified as either sweet or bitter. The root of the sweet variety has a delicate flavor and can replace potatoes. It can be made into a flour that is used in breads, cakes and cookies. Cassava must be cooked properly to detoxify it before it is eaten.
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea, variety botrytis)
Cauliflower is an annual plant, and one of several vegetables in the species Brassica oleracea from the Brassicaceae (or Mustard) family. The edible white flesh is sometimes called "curd" because of a similar appearance to cheese curd. Most Cauliflower is white, but there are also green, orange, and purple varieties. Cauliflower heads resemble those of Broccoli, although more tightly packed. Cauliflower has a mildly sweet taste, while Broccoli tastes "greener".
Celeriac (Apium graveolens, variety rapaceum)
Celeriac, also known as Celery Root, Knob Celery, and Turnip-rooted Celery (although it is not a Turnip), is a variety of Celery cultivated for its edible stem or hypocotyl, and shoots. It originated in the Mediterranean region. Celeriac is like a root vegetable except it has a bulbous hypocotyl with many small roots attached. Celeriac may be roasted, stewed, or blanched, or mashed. Sliced Celeriac is used as an ingredient in soups, casseroles, and other savory dishes. The vibrant and aesthetically delicate leaves are quite flavorsome, and Celeriac is therefore used as a garnish in contemporary fine dining.
Chinese Onion (Allium chinense)
Chinese Onion, also known as Chinese Scallion, Glittering Chive, Japanese Scallion, Kiangsi Scallion, and Oriental Onion, is an edible species of Allium. It is native to China, and cultivated in many other countries. Its close relatives include Chive, Garlic, Leek, Onion, and Shallot. It has a mild and fresh taste, and is often pickled and served as a side dish in Japan and Vietnam to balance other strong flavors in the meal. In Japanese, it is known as rakkyō (辣韮 or 薤), and is a common garnish served with Japanese curry.
Chinese Waterchestnut (Eleocharis dulcis)
The Chinese Waterchestnut, or just Water Chestnut, is a grass-like sedge native to Asia, tropical Africa, and Oceania that is grown in many countries for its edible corms. The Water Chestnut is not actually a nut, but an aquatic vegetable grown in marshes. The small, rounded corms have a crisp, white flesh, and may be eaten raw, slightly boiled, or grilled, and are often pickled or tinned. They are a popular ingredient in Chinese dishes. In China, they are most often eaten raw, sometimes sweetened. They may also be ground into a flour used for making Water Chestnut Cake, which is common as part of dim sum cuisine. This plant is distinct from the Trapa species of Water Chestnut.
Celery (Apium graveolens)
Celery is a marshland plant in the Apiaceae family, originating in the Mediterranean region. Celery has a long fibrous stalk tapering into leaves. Depending on location and cultivar, either its stalks, leaves or hypocotyl (base portion just above the root) are eaten and used in cooking. Celery is eaten around the world as a vegetable. The leaves are strongly flavored and can be used either as a flavoring in soups and stews or as a dried herb. Celery is also grown for its seeds, which is actually a very small fruit. These "seeds" yield a valuable essential oil that is used in the perfume industry, and can be used as a flavoring or spice, either as whole seeds or ground. The seeds (or root and dried leave extracts) can be ground and mixed with salt to produce the seasoning "Celery Salt".
Chayote (Sechium edule)
Chayote, also kown as Choko, Mirliton, and Pipinola, is an edible plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae gourd family, originating in South America. The Chayote fruit is is generally served lightly cooked, like summer squash, to retain its crispy consistency. Raw Chayote may be added to salads or salsas, most often marinated with lemon or lime juice, although many people consider it tough and unpalatable. The tubers of the plant are eaten like potatoes and other root vegetables, and the shoots and leaves are often consumed in salads and stir fries, especially in Asia.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
The Chickpea, also known as Chick Pea, is an annual legume of the Fabaceae family. There are varieties variously known as Bengal Gram, Gram, Egyptian Pea, and Garbanzo [Bean]. The Chickpea is important in Indian, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern cuisines, where it is a key ingredient in hummus and chana masala, and it is ground into flour to make falafel. Chickpeas can be used in salads, soups and stews, curry and other meal products like channa. Chickpeas are usually rapidly boiled for 10 minutes and then simmered for a longer period. Dried chickpeas need a long cooking time (1–2 hours), but will easily fall apart when cooked longer. If soaked for 12-24 hours before use, cooking time can be shortened by around 30 minutes. There are two main types of Chickpea. The "Desi" type has small, darker seeds and a rough coat, and grown mostly in Indian subcontinent, Ethiopia, Mexico, and Iran. The "Kabuli" type (Garbanzo Beans) are lighter-coloured, larger, and with a smoother coat. These are also grown around the Indian subcontinent, and also in the Mediterranean, Southern Europe, Northern Africa, and South America. Chickpeas are a nutrient-dense food, and the long cooking time does not alter the protein and carbohydrate content much.
Corn (Zea mays)
Corn (Maize in Spanish), is a cereal grain in the Poaceae grass family. It was first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. Maize and cornmeal (ground dried maize) constitute a staple food in many regions of the world. Maize has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total production of maize surpassing that of wheat or rice. Maize is used to produce cornstarch, a common ingredient in home cooking and many industrialized food products. Maize is a staple of Mexican cuisine. Masa, cornmeal treated with limewater, and is the the main ingredient of corn tortilla, tamales, pozole, atole and all the dishes based on them, like tacos, quesadillas, chilaquiles, enchiladas, tostadas and many more. Maize can consumed in the unripe state, when the kernels are fully grown but still soft, although unripe maize must be boiled or roasted to make it palatable. Sweet Corn is a variety that is high in sugars and low in starch, that is especially suited to be consumed in the unripe state.
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
The Cowpea, also known as Black-eye Pea, Crowder Pea,l Niebe, and Southern Pea, is an annual herbaceous legume. It is an important crop in the semiarid regions across Africa and Asia to its tolerance for sandy soil and low rainfall. Most Cowpeas are grown on the African continent, particularly in Nigeria and Niger. Cowpeas are grown mostly for their edible beans, although the leaves, green seeds and pods can also be consumed. Like other legumes, cowpeas are cooked to make them edible, usually by boiling. They are largely used in stews, soups, purees, casseroles and curries, but can also be processed into paste and flour.
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
Cucumber is a widely-cultivated creeping vine plant in the Cucurbitaceae gourd family that bears cucumiform fruits, which are used as vegetables. The Cucumber originates from South Asia, but now grows on most continents. Cucumbers varieties are categorized into three types:

  • Slicing. These are Cucumbers grown to be eaten fresh, in unripe green form.
  • Pickling. Picklers tend to be shorter, thicker, less-regularly shaped than slicers, and have bumpy skin. Colors vary from creamy yellow to pale or dark green. The pickes are then created using brine, sugar, vinegar, and other flavorings. Gherkins, also called Cornichons, or baby pickles, are small pickled Cucumbers, but may also refer to Gherkin, which is a different species.
  • Burpless (Seedless). Burpless cucumbers are sweeter and have a thinner skin than other varieties of Cucumber. They reputedly have a more pleasant taste and are easier to digest compared to other varieties that are said to give some people gas.
Chard (Beta vulgaris, variety cicla)
Chard or Swiss Chard is a green leafy vegetable in the Amaranthaceaes family, the same as Beets. Chard has many other common names such as Beet Spinach, Leaf Beet, Perpetual Spinach, Seakale Seet, and Silver Beet, . The leaf blade can be green or reddish in color, and the leaf stalks are usually white, or a colorful yellow or red. Fresh Chard is used raw in salads, stir-fries, soups, and omelets, and the raw leaves can be used like a tortilla wrap. The Chard leaves and stalks are typically boiled or sautéed to remove some of its bitterness. Chard, like other green leafy vegetables, has highly nutritious leaves, making it a popular component of healthy diets.
Chicory (Cichorium intybus)
Common Chicory is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant of the Asteraceae daisy family, native to the Mediterranean, but is now grows natively in much of the world. Other names include Blue Daisy, Blue Dandelion, Blue Sailors, Blue Weed, Bunk, Coffeeweed, Cornflower, Hendibeh, Horseweed, Ragged Sailors, Succory, Wild Bachelor's Buttons, and Wild Endive. The roots of the sativum variety are baked, ground, and used as a substitute for coffee. The roots are also used to create food additives for sweetening and dietary fiber. Many varieties are cultivated for salad leaves or chicons (blanched buds). Chicory cultivated for leaves are divided into three types, of which there are many varieties:

  • Radicchio. This is also called Red Endive and Red Chicory, and usually has variegated red or red and green leaves. This is used to add color and zest to salads, but it is a slightly bitter and spicy, so it is usually grilled or roasted first to mellow the flavor.
  • Belgian Endive. This is also known as Witloof or White Leaf. The small head of cream-colored, bitter leaves are used, among other ways, stuffed with other ingredients. This is not a true Endive.
  • Catalogna Chicory. Also known as Cicoria di Catalogna or Cicoria Asparago, or Puntarelle, this variety is common throughout Italy. The shoots have a pleasantly bitter taste.
Chive (Allium schoenoprasum)
Chive is a species of flowering plant in the Amaryllidaceae family that produces edible leaves and flowers. Its close relatives include the Garlic, Leek, Onion, Scallion, Shallot, and Chinese Onion. Chives are native to temperate areas of Europe, Asia and North America, and is the only species of Allium native to both the New and the Old Worlds. Chives are grown for their scapes and leaves, which are used as a flavoring herb to provide a somewhat milder onion-like flavor compared to other Allium species. Chives can be found fresh at most markets year-round. They can also be dry-frozen, giving home growers the opportunity to store large harvests from their own gardens.
Collard (Brassica oleracea, variety acephala)
Collard are loose-leafed, cultivars of Brassica oleracea, the same species as many common vegetables such as Cabbage. The acephala variety is the headless type, more like Kale than Cabbage. The plant is commercially cultivated for its thick, slightly bitter, edible leaves. They are available year-round, but are tastier and more nutritious in the cold months. Collard Greens are a staple vegetable in Southern U.S. cuisine.
Eggplant (Solanum melongena)
Eggplant, or Aubergine, is a plant species in the nightshade Solanaceae family. It was originally domesticated from the wild nightshade species thorn (or bitter apple), probably in both int South Asia and in East Asia. It is grown worldwide for its edible fruit. Botanically it is a berry, but usually eaten like a vegetable. Raw Eggplant can have a bitter taste with an astringent quality, but it becomes tender when cooked and develops a rich, complex flavor. Rinsing, draining, and salting the sliced fruit before cooking may remove the bitterness. The fruit is capable of absorbing cooking fats and sauces, which may enhance the flavor of Eggplant dishes. Due to its texture and bulk, it is sometimes used as a meat substitute in vegan and vegetarian cuisine. Eggplant can be steamed, stir-fried, pan fried, deep fried, barbecued, roasted, stewed, curried, or pickled. Eggplant by itself has low in nutritional value.
Endive (Cichorium endivia)
Endive is a leaf vegetable belonging to the genus Cichorium, which includes several similar bitter-leafed vegetables. There are two main varieties of cultivated Cichorium endivia. The first is Curly Endive, which has narrow, green, curly outer leaves. This type is sometimes called Chicory in the US, but it is a different species from Chicory. This type is also sometimes called Frisée, which is confusing because that is also the name of a dish of greens wilted with oil. The second main variety is Escarole, which has broad, pale green leaves and is less bitter than the other varieties. Endive is rich in many vitamins and minerals, especially in folate and vitamins A and K, and is high in fiber.
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
Fennel is a hardy, perennial flowering herb in the Apiaceae (aka Umbelliferae) carrot family. It is native to the shores of the Mediterranean, but has become widely naturalized in many parts of the world. The bulb, foliage, and fruits of the Fennel plant are used in many of the culinary traditions of the world. The small yellow flowers of wild Fennel (known as Fennel "pollen") are the most potent, but also the most expensive form. Young leaves are used for garnishes, as a salad, to add flavor to salads, to flavor sauces to be served with puddings, and also in soups and fish sauce. The bulb is a crisp vegetable that can be sautéed, stewed, braised, grilled, or eaten raw. Dried Fennel fruit is an aromatic, anise-flavored spice, brown or green in color when fresh, but slowly turning a dull grey as the fruit ages. The green fruits are optimal for cooking. Fennel fruits are the primary flavor component in Italian sausage.
Garlic (Allium sativum)
Garlic is a species of bulbous flowering plant in the onion genus Allium, native to Central Asia and northeastern Iran. Its close relatives include the Chive, Leek, Onion, Shallot, Welsh Onion, and Chinese Onion. The Garlic plant's bulb is the most commonly used part of the plant.Sections of the bulb, called cloves, are used both raw and cooked, as well as for medicinal purposes. They have a characteristic pungent, spicy flavor used as a seasoning or condiment; the flavor mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking. Other parts of the garlic plant such as the leaves and flowers are also edible, but the skin around the cloves and the root cluster is usually discarded. Green garlic imparts a garlic flavor and aroma in food, but without the spiciness.
Gherkin (Cucumis anguria)
The Gherkin, also known as Burr Gherkin, Cackrey, Maroon Cucumber, Maxixe, West Indian Gherkin, and West Indian Gourd, is a vine that is indigenous to Africa, but has become naturalized in the New World and is cultivated in many places. It is related to the common "Cucumber that also has cultivars known as gherkins. Gherkins are primarily grown for their edible fruit, which are used in pickling, as cooked vegetables, or eaten raw. The flavor is similar to that of the common Cucumber.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Ginger is a herbaceious, perennial flowering plant in the Zingiberaceaewhose family, originating in Maritime Southeast Asia. The rhizome, also known as Ginger or Ginger Root is a very popular spice used worldwide; whether it be used to spice up meals, or as a medicine. Although the flavors of fresh and dried ginger are somewhat different, fresh ginger can be substituted for ground ginger at a ratio of 6:1. Powdered dry ginger root is typically used as a flavoring for recipes such as cakes, cookies, crackers, gingerbread, ginger ale, and ginger beer.
Grape Leaves (Vitis species)
Grape Leaves are the leaves of the grapevine plant, and are widely used in Mediterranean, Balkan, and Middle East cuisines. They may be obtained fresh, or preserved in jars or cans. The leaves are commonly rolled or stuffed with mixtures of meat and rice.
Green Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Green Beans are known by many common names including French Beans, String Beans, Snap Beans, and Snaps. Yellow-podded green beans are known as Wax Beans. The Green Bean originated in Central and South America. They are the unripe, young fruit of various cultivars of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. They are distinguished from the many other varieties of beans in that Green Beans are consumed with their enclosing pods before the seeds inside have fully matured. Green Beans are eaten around the world and are sold fresh, canned, and frozen. They can be eaten raw or steamed, boiled, stir-fried, or baked, and are commonly used in other dishes such as soups, stews, and casseroles. Green beans can also be pickled, much like cucumbers are. There are over 130 varieties of edible pod beans.
Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana, aka Cochlearia armoracia)
Horseradish is a perennial plant of the Brassicaceae family, which also includes mustard, wasabi, broccoli, cabbage, and radish. It is believed to be native to southeastern Europe and western Asia. Horseradish is a root vegetable, cultivated and used worldwide as a spice and as a condiment.
Husk Tomato (Physalis pruinosa)
Husk Tomato, also known as a Ground Cherry or Cossack Pineapple, is a plant in the Solanaceae nightshade family. It is a native species extending in range from northern Mexico through Central America. The fruit becomes edible and sweet once it has ripened to yellow. The flavor is somewhat like that of Tomatillo, but also a strong pineapple flavor. The papery husk (and other parts of the plant) are toxic and should not be eaten.
Indian Fig (Opuntia ficus-indica)
See Prickly Pear under Fruits.
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
See Jackfruit under Fruits.
Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)
The Jerusalem Artichoke, also called Earth Apple, Sunchoke, Sunroot, Topinambur, and Wild Sunflower, is a species of sunflower native to central North America. It is cultivated widely across the temperate zone for its tuber, which is used as a root vegetable. The tubers are used for cooking and baking in the same ways as potatoes. They have a similar consitency and texture to potatoes, but they have a sweeter, nuttier flavor, and can be eaten raw. When raw, they can be thinly-sliced for use in salads..
Jícama (Pachyrhizus erosus)
Jícama,also known as Mexican Turnip or Mexican Yam Bean, is the name of a native Mexican vine, although the name most commonly refers to the plant's edible tuberous root. (There is some confusion because of the overlap with other plants named Yam Beans.) The root's exterior is yellow and papery, while its inside is creamy white. It has a crisp texture that resembles raw potato or pear. The flavor is sweet and starchy, reminiscent of some apples or raw green beans. It is often paired with chili powder, cilantro, ginger, lemon, lime, orange, red onion, salsa, sesame oil, grilled fish, and soy sauce. In Mexico, it is popular in salads, fresh fruit combinations, fruit bars, soups, and other cooked dishes.
Kale (Brassica oleracea, variety acephala)
Kale, or Leaf Cabbage, belongs to a group of cabbage cultivars originating in the eastern Mediterranean and Asia Minor. They are grown both for their edible leaves as well as for ornamental purposes. Kale plants have green or purple leaves, and the central leaves do not form a head as with headed cabbage. Kales are considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most of the many domesticated forms of Brassica oleracea.
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea, variety gongylodes)
Kohlrabi, aka German Turnip, is a low, stout, biennial vegetable that is a cultivar of wild cabbage. It is another cultivar of the same species as Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Collard Greens, Kale, Savoy Cabbage, and Gai lan. Kohlrabi leaves are edible and can be used interchangeably with Collard Greens and Kale. It has a texture similar to that of a Broccoli stem, but with a sweeter flavor. The bulbous stem is frequently used raw in salad or slaws. Despite its nickname, it is a different species from Turnip.
Lamb’s Lettuce (Valerianella locusta)
Lamb's Lettuce is a small annual plant that is eaten as a leaf vegetable. It is also known as Common Cornsalad, Corn Salad, Fetticus, Feldsalat, Field Salad, Mâche, Nut Lettuce, and in French cuisine as doucette or raiponce. It has a characteristic nutty flavor, dark green colour, and soft texture, and is popularly served as salad greens.
Lamb’s Quarters (Chenopodium album)
Lamb's Quarters, also known as Fat-hen, Goosefoot, Manure Weed, Melde, and Wild Spinach, is a fast-growing, weedy annual plant. It is extensively cultivated and consumed in Northern India as a food crop known as bathua, but elsewhere it is considered a weed. The leaves and young shoots may be eaten raw or cooked as a leaf vegetable, but should be eaten in moderation due to high levels of oxalic acid.
Leek (Allium ampeloprasum, aka Allium porrum)
The Leek is a a cultivar of the broadleaf wild leek. The edible part of the plant is a bundle of leaf sheaths that is sometimes erroneously called a stem or stalk. It is closely related to Chive, Garlic, Onion, Scallion, Shallot, and Chinese Onion. Elephant Garlic, Kurrat, and Persian Leek are related cultivars, but those have different culinary uses. Raw Leeks are crunchy and firm, and have a mild, onion-like taste, and . The edible portion is the white base of the leaves above the roots and stem base, the light green parts, and to a lesser extent the dark green parts of the leaves. The dark green portion is usually discarded because of its toughness, although this part can be sautéed, or more commonly added to stock for flavor. Leeks are stringy, so they are usually chopped, or cut in to thin slices from between 5 to 10mm thick. They are then eaten raw (usually in salads), fried, or boiled.
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)
Lemongrass, also know as Barbed Wire Grass, Citronella Grass, Cochin Grass, Fever Grass, Malabar Grass, Oily Heads, and Silky Heads, or is a genus tropical island plants in the Poaceae (aka Gramineae) grass family. The citratus species in particular is commonly cultivated as a culinary and medicinal herbs because of their scent, resembling that of Lemons. It is used as a medical herb, for tea, and in perfumes.
Lentil (Lens culinaris)
The Lentil is an edible legume in the Fabaceae family that originated in the Middle East. Lentils can be eaten soaked, germinated, fried, baked or boiled (the most common preparation method), and require a cooking time of 10 to 40 minutes, depending on the variety. Most varieties have a distinctive, earthy flavor. Lentils with husks remain whole with moderate cooking, while those without husks tend to disintegrate into a thick purée. Lentils are used worldwide in many different dishes such as Lentil Curry and Lentil Soup, particularly throughout South Asia, the Mediterranean regions and West Asia. They are often combined with rice dishes because these have a similar cooking time. In Western countries, cooked Lentils are often used in salads. Lentils have the second-highest ratio of protein to food energy of any legume, after Soybeans. The low levels of readily digestible starch (5 percent) and high levels of slowly digested starch make Lentils of potential value to people with diabetes.
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
Lettuce is an annual plant of the Asteraceae daisy family. It is most often grown as a leaf vegetable, but sometimes for its stem and seeds. Lettuce is most often used for salads, although it is also seen in other kinds of food, such as soups, sandwiches and wraps, and it can also be grilled. The main cultivars are:

  • Leaf (aka Looseleaf, Cutting, or Bunching Lettuce). This type has loosely bunched leaves and is the most widely planted. It is used mainly for salads.
  • Romaine (aka Cos). Used mainly for salads and sandwiches, this type forms long, upright heads. This variety most often used in Caesar salads.
  • Iceberg (aka Crisphead). The most popular type in the US, It ships well, but is low in flavor and nutritional content, having an even higher water content than other varieties.
  • Butterhead (aka Boston, Bibb, and in the UK, Round Lettuce). This type is a head lettuce with a loose arrangement of leaves. It is known for its sweet flavor and tender texture.
  • Summercrisp (aka Batavian or French Crisp). This lettuce is midway between the Crisphead and Leaf types. These lettuces tend to be larger, bolt-resistant and well-flavored.
  • Celtuce (aka Stem). This type is grown for its seedstal, rather than its leaves. It is used in Asian cooking, primarily Chinese, as well as in stewed and creamed dishes.
  • Oilseed. This type is grown for its seeds, which are pressed to extract an oil mainly used for cooking.
  • Red Leaf. Cultivars include Benito, Galactic, Lollo Rossa, New Red Fire, Red Sails, and Redina.
Lima Bean (Phaseolus limensis and Phaseolus lunatus)
Lima Bean, also known as the Butter Bean, Chad Bean, Double Bean, Sieva Bean, Madagascar Bean, or Wax Bean is a legume grown for its edible seeds or beans. It originates from from South and Central America, and has been adapted for cultivation in many different climates around the world. In some areas, Lima Beans and Butter Beans may be considered distinct, where Butter Beans being large and yellow, and Lima Beans small and green. However, scientifically they are the same. Lima beans, like many other legumes, are a good source of dietary fiber, and a virtually fat-free source of high-quality protein. Like many beans, raw lima beans contain toxic chemicals such as phytohaemagglutinin if not boiled for at least 10 minutes. However, canned beans are pre-cooked and can be eaten without having to be boiled first.
Loofah (Luffa species)
Loofah, or Luffa, is a genus of tropical and subtropical vines in the Cucurbitaceae cucumber family. It is cultivated and eaten as a vegetable, and is a popular vegetable in India, China and Vietnam. It must be harvested at a young stage of development to be edible. When fully ripened, the fruit becomes very fibrous, and is the source of the loofah scrubbing sponges used in bathrooms and kitchens.
Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
Lotus, Indian Lotus, or Sacred Lotus,is one of two extant species of aquatic plant in the Nelumbonaceae family. It is often colloquially called a water lily. The rhizomes of Lotus are consumed as a vegetable in Asian countries, They are fried or cooked in soups, stuffed with meat or preserved fruits, and soaked in syrup or pickled. Lotus rhizomes have a crunchy texture with sweet-tangy flavors, and a texture comparable to a raw potato. They are deep-fried, stir-fried, or stuffed with meats or preserved fruits. Japan is one of the primary users of the rhizomes, representing about 1% of all vegetables consumed. The rhizomes contain high amounts of starch (31.2%) but without the characteristic taste or odor.
Moringa (Moringa oleifera)
Moringa is the sole genus in the flowering plant Moringaceae family. Moringa oleifera is the most widely cultivated species, and is native to the foothills of the Himalayas in northwestern India. The fruit pods are consumed as food in many parts of the world, but particularly in South Asia, The leaves are used to make tea, and oils are made from the seeds.
Mustard (Brassica juncea)
Mustard, also commonly called Brown Mustard, Chinese Mustard, Indian Mustard, Leaf mustard, Oriental Mustard, and Vegetable Mustard, is a species of mustard plant. The leaves, seeds, and stems of this mustard variety are edible. Brassica juncea (especially the seeds) is more pungent than greens from the closely related Brassica oleracea (kale, broccoli, and collard greens). A dish of "mixed green" contains of combination of these varieties.
Musk Cucumber (Sicana odorifera)
Musk Cucumber, also known as Cassabanana, Casbanan, Puttigel, and Sikana, is large, herbaceous perennial vine native to tropical South America. It is grown as an ornamental plant and for its sweet edible fruit. The sweet, aromatic, yellow-to-orange flesh of the mature fruit is eaten raw or made into preserves, and the immature fruit can be cooked as a vegetable.
Napa Cabbage (Brassica rapa, variety pekinensis)
Napa Cabbage, or just Napa, is a type of Chinese cabbage in the Brassicaceae family, originating near the Beijing region of China. The word "napa" comes from Japanese, where nappa (菜っ葉) refers to the leaves of any vegetable. The Japanese name for this specific variety of cabbage is hakusai (白菜), literally "white vegetable", and the Korean name is baechu (배추). Napa Cabbage is widely used in China, Japan, and Korea. It is the main ingredient of Korean baechu-kimchi, the most common type of kimchi. It is also used in wraps, soups, and hot pots. Napa Cabbage tastes mildly aromatic, is rich in vitamin C, and has a fair amount of calcium.
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
Okra, Ochro, Okro, or Ladies' Fingers, is a flowering plant in the mallow family valued for its edible green seed pods. The geographical origin of Okra is uncertain, and may have been western African, Ethiopia, or southern Asia. It is easy to grow, and is cultivated in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions around the world. Although classified as a fruit, Okra is often been utilized as a vegetable. It may be eaten raw, pickled, cooked and served with other dishes, and in salads. The sticky juice serves to thicken soups and stews.
Olive (Olea europaea)
The Olive, known by the botanical name Olea europaea, meaning "European Olive", is a species of small tree in the Oleaceae family. Olives are cultivated in many regions of the world with Mediterranean climates such as Australia, Chile, New Zealand, Peru, South Africa, the US states of California and Oregon. The Olive's fruit, also called an "Olive", is of major agricultural importance in the Mediterranean region as the source of olive oil, and is one of the core ingredients in Mediterranean cuisine. About 90% of all harvested Olives are turned into oil, while about 10% are used as Table Olives. Green Olives are picked when they have obtained full size, but unripe, and they are somewhat bitter. Black Olives or Ripe Olives are picked at full maturity and ripeness, and bitterness has been neutralized during the curing process to produce a mild flavor and soft texture characteristic of California Black Olives.
Onion (Allium cepa)
The Onion, also known as the Bulb Onion or Common Onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. Its close relatives include the Chives, Garlic, Leeks, Scallions, and Chinese Onion. Onions are cultivated and used around the world. They are usually served cooked, as a vegetable or part of a prepared savoury dish, but can also be eaten raw or used to make pickles or chutneys. They are pungent when chopped and contain chemical substances that may irritate the eyes. Onions come in three basic color varieties:

  • Yellow or brown varieties are sweeter and the best for everyday use. Famous sweet varieties include Vidalia, Walla Walla, Cévennes, and Bermuda. Yellow onions turn a rich, dark brown when caramelised and are the best choice for French Onion Soup.
  • Red or purple onions are known for their sharp pungent flavor, and are the onions of choice for everyday use in Asian cuisine as well as for use raw or in grilling.
  • White onions have a mild, sweet flavor when cooked, and are particularly sweet when sautéed. They are used in traditional and classic Mexican cuisine.
Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)
Parsnip is a root vegetable closely related to carrot and parsley, all belonging to the Apiaceae flowering plant family. It is native to Eurasia, and has been used as a vegetable since antiquity. Parsnips are usually cooked, but can also be eaten raw. It has a sweet flavor, not unlike carrots. They is high in vitamins, antioxidants, and minerals (especially potassium), and they contains both soluble and insoluble dietary fiber. Handling the stems and leaves can cause a skin rash if the skin is exposed to sunlight after handling.
Pea (Pisum sativum)
The Pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the pod fruit Pisum sativum from the Fabaceae family. Botanically, Pea pods are fruit. Fresh peas are often eaten boiled and flavored with butter and/or spearmint as a side dish vegetable. Fresh peas are also used in pot pies, salads and casseroles. Pod peas (Snow Peas and Snap Peas) are used in stir-fried dishes. Varieties called Field Peas are grown to produce dry peas like the Split Pea shelled from a matured pod, and These are the basis of pea porridge and pea soup.
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
The Peanut, also known as Groundnut, Goober, Pindar, or Monkey Nut, is a legume crop of the Fabaceae (or Leguminosae) family, grown worldwide mainly for its edible seeds. Commercially, it is classified as both a grain legume and and oil crop. Peanuts are similar in taste and nutritional profile to actual "tree nuts" such as walnuts and almonds, but unlike tree nuts the fruits develop underground.
Pepper (Capsicum species)
Pepper is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade Solanaceae family. They arei native to the Americas, and are cultivated worldwide. The fruit, actually berries in the botanical sense, have a variety of names. The more piquant varieties are commonly called Chili Peppers, or simply Chilis, and the large, milder form is called [Red or Green] Bell Pepper, Sweet Pepper (UK), or Capsicum (Oceania, India, Singapore). They can be eaten raw or cooked, and can be preserved in the form of a jam, by drying, by pickling, or by freezing. The hotness varies significantly among varieties, and is determined by the amount of capsaicin, and the hotness is measured in Scoville Heat Units (SHU). The world's current hottest known pepper is the ""Carolina Reaper"", rated at 2,200,000 SHU.
Plantain (Musa varieties)
Plantains are also known as "cooking bananas". See Plantain under Fruits.
Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
The Potato is a root vegetable, a starchy tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum, nand the plant itself is a perennial in the Solanaceae nightshade family. Wild potato species originated in modern-day Peru, and can be found throughout the Americas. Potatoes were introduced to Europe from the Americas in latter half of the 16th century by the Spanish. Today they are a staple food in many parts of the world and an integral part of much of the world's food supply. There are nearly 4,000 varieties of Potato each of having specific agricultural or culinary attributes. Potatoes and other nightshade plants contain toxic compounds known as glycoalkaloids, concentrated in its leaves, flowers, sprouts, and fruits. You should therefore avoid eating green sprouts or skin. Cooking at high temperatures (over 170°C or 338°F) partly destroys these compounds. However, poisoning from cultivated potato varieties is very rare.
Pumpkin (namely Cucurbita pepo and Cucurbita moschata)
A Pumpkin is a cultivar of winter squash native to northeastern Mexico and the sourthern US, and is one of the oldest domesticated plants. It is round with smooth, slightly ribbed skin, and is most often deep yellow to orange in color. Pumpkin fruits are a type of botanical berry known as a pepo. Pumpkins are very versatile in their uses for cooking. Most parts of the pumpkin are edible, including the fleshy shell, seeds, leaves, and even the flowers.
Radish (Raphanus sativus)
The Radish is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family that was domesticated long ago in Asia. Radishes are grown worldwide, being mostly eaten raw as a crunchy salad vegetable with a pungent flavor. There are numerous varieties, varying in size, flavor, color, and length of time they take to mature. The most commonly eaten portion is the taproot, which is eaten raw in salads, but also appears in many European dishes. The tops can be eaten as a leaf vegetable, and the seed can be sprouted an eaten in a way simimlar to a bean sprouts. Tougher specimens can be steamed. The raw flesh has a crisp texture and a pungent, peppery flavor, caused by glucosinolates and the enzyme myrosinase, which combine when chewed to form allyl isothiocyanates that is also present in horseradash, mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.
Rice
Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or less commonly Oryza glaberrima (African rice) in the Poaceae family. As a cereal grain, domesticated Rice is the most widely consumed staple food for over half of the world's human population, Long-grain Rice is high in amylose, and tends to remain intact after cooking. Medium-grain Rice is high in amylopectin, and becomes slightly sticky when cooked; it is used for sweet dishes, for risotto in Italy, and many rice dishes such as arròs negre, in Spain. Short-grain Rice becomes even sticker; it is used extensively in Japan, served with savory dishes and used to make sushi because the stickiness allows it to keep its shape. Short-grain Rice is also often used for rice pudding.
Rutabaga (Brassica napus, variety napobrassica)
Rutabaga, or Swede (British English), is a root vegetable. Other names include Swedish Turnip, Neep (Scottish), and Turnip (some Canadian English, Northern English, Irish English Scottish English, and Cornish English). Rutabaga is a cross between Cabbage and Turnip. The roots are eaten as human food in a variety of ways, and the leaves can be eaten as a leaf vegetable.
Salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius)
Salsify, also known as Common Salsify, Purple Salsify, Goatsbeard, Jack-Go-to-Bed-at-Noon, Jerusalem Star, Oyster Plant, and Vegetable Oyster is a plant cultivated for its ornamental flower and edible root. The roots and leaves are most palatable when collected before the flower stalk is produced, and the raw root is noted for having a mild taste described as like asparagus or oysters. Raw young roots can be grated for use in salads, but older roots are better cooked. They can be added to soups, stews or stir-fries.
Scallion (Allium species)
Scallions, also known as Green Onions, Sibies, and Spring Onions, are vegetables derived from various species in the genus Allium. They are closely related to Chives, Garlic, Leeks, and Chinese Onion. Scallions have a milder taste than most onions.
Shallot (Allium cepa, variety aggregatum)
The Shallot is a cultivar of the Onion, closely related to Chives, Garlic, Leeks, Scallions, and Chinese Onion. Shallots taste somewhat like a common onion, but have a milder flavor. They are used in cooking. and may be pickled. Shallots are also finely-sliced deep-fried and used as a condiment in Asian cuisine.
Snake Gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina)
Snake Gourd, also known as Chichinda, Serpent Gourd, and Padwal (not to be confused with Parwal, another edible gourd), is a tropical or subtropical vine. It is raised for its strikingly long fruit. The immature fruit of some cultivars has an unpleasant odor and a slightly bitter taste, both of which disappear in cooking. In Asia, the fruit is eaten immature as a vegetable, much like the summer squash. And in Africa, the reddish pulp of mature snake gourd is used as a substitute for tomato.
Sorrel (Rumex species)
Sorrel, also called Common Sorrel, Garden Sorrel, Spinach Dock, and Narrow-leaved Dock, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the Polygonaceae family. Sorrel is a common plant in grassland habitats and is often cultivated as a leaf vegetable or herb. The leaves are edible when young but toughen with age, and it has a distinct sharp, sour taste. It may be puréed in soups and sauces or added to salad Sorrel contains oxalic acid, which can be poisonous in high quantities.
Soybean (Glycine max)
The Soybean, Soy Bean, or Soya Bean is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean. Soybeans are a globally important crop, providing both oil and protein. Soybean products are used in a large variety of processed foods as well as for animal feed. Traditional unfermented food uses of Soybeans include soy milk, from which tofu is made. Fermented soy foods include soy sauce, fermented bean paste, nattō, and tempeh.
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)
Spinach is a leafy green flowering plant native to central and western Asia. It is of the order Caryophyllales, family Amaranthaceae, subfamily Chenopodioideae. Its leaves are a common edible vegetable consumed either fresh, canned, frozen, or dehydrated. It may be eaten cooked or raw, but the taste differs considerably. Spinach has a high nutritional value, especially when fresh, frozen, steamed, or quickly boiled. It is a rich source vitamins A, B2 (riboflavin), B6 (pyridoxin), B9 (folate), C, E, and K, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, potasium, and iron, and dietary fiber. However, raw Spinach contains high levels of oxalates that block absorption of calcium and iron. Cooking in several changes of water lowers the oxalates levels so the Spinach can be digested better and the nutrients absorbed more completely.
Squash (Cucurbita species)
Cucurbita is a genus of herbaceous vines in the Cucurbitaceae gourd family, and is native to the Andes and Mesoamerica. Five species are grown worldwide for their edible fruit, variously known as Squash, Pumpkin, or Gourd, depending on species, variety, and local parlance. Some of these can be treated as winter squash in that it is harvested and eaten in the mature stage when the seeds have matured fully and the skin has hardened into a tough rind. At this stage, most varieties can be stored for use during the winter. Others, particularly most Cucurbita pepo, are better used only as summer squash that are harvested when immature while the rind is still tender and edible. The fruits are good sources of nutrients, such as vitamin A and vitamin C, among other nutrients according to species. The fruits have many culinary uses including pumpkin pie, biscuits, bread, desserts, puddings, beverages, and soups.
Squash Blossoms (Cucurbita species)
Squash Blossoms, called Courgette Flowers in Great Britain, are the edible flowers of Cucurbita species, particularly Cucurbita pepo, the species that produces Zucchini (Courgette), Marrow, Spaghetti Squash, and many other types of squash. Squash Blossoms may be eaten raw, stuffed, battered and fried, or made into soup, and the flowers have a subtle flavor, reminiscent of young zucchinis. Squash Blossoms are highly perishable, and as such are rarely stocked in supermarkets.
Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)
The String Nettle, also known as the Common Nettle, Nettle, Nettle Leaf, and Stringer, is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the Urticaceae family. It was originally native to Europe, much of temperate Asia, and western North Africa, but is now found worldwide. Hairs on the leaves, called trichomes, act like hypodermic needles, injecting histamine and other chemicals that produce a stinging sensation upon contact. Soaking Stinging Nettles in water or cooking removes the stinging chemicals, allowing them to be handled and eaten without injury. It has a flavor similar to spinach mixed with cucumber when cooked, and is rich in vitamins A and C, iron, potassium, manganese, and calcium. Nettles can be used in a variety of recipes, such as polenta, pesto, purée, herbal tea. Nettle soup is a common in parts of Europe. Nettles are sometimes used in cheesemaking, such as in Cornish Yarg, and as a flavoring in some varieties of Gouda.
Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas)
The Sweet Potato (or Sweetpotato) is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning glory family, and is native to the tropical regions in the Americas. Its large, starchy, sweet-tasting, tuberous roots are a root vegetable, and the young shoots and leaves are sometimes eaten as greens. The Sweet Potato, especially the orange variety, is often called a "yam" in parts of North America, but it is entirely unrelated to true Yams. Cultivars of the sweet potato have been bred to bear tubers with flesh and skin of many colors, but white, yellow, and orange flesh and dark skin is most common.
Taro (Colocasia esculenta)
Taro, also known as Dasheen, Godere, Kalo, Madhumbe, and Magogoya, and is a tropical plant in the Araceae family, grown primarily for its edible corms, a root vegetable. It is the most widely cultivated species of several plants that are used as vegetables for their corms, leaves, and petioles. Taro corms are a food staple in African, Oceanic, and South Asian cultures, and are believed to have been one of the earliest cultivated plants. People usually consume the edible corm and leaves. The corms are roasted, baked or boiled, and the natural sugars give a sweet, nutty flavor. The starch is easily digestible, and because of the fine grains is often used for baby food. The raw plant is toxic due to the presence of calcium oxalate. However, the toxin can be minimized and the tuber rendered palatable by cooking or by steeping in cold water overnight.
Tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica)
The Tomatillo, also known as Husk Tomato, Large-flowered Tomatillo, Mexican Groundcherry, and Mexican Husk Tomato, is a plant of the nightshade family bearing small, spherical and green or green-purple fruit of the same name. Tomatillos originated in Mexico. Tomatillos are a key ingredient in fresh and cooked Mexican and Central-American green sauces. The green varieties are tart, and a main ingredient in a variety of dishes, particularly salsa verde. Purple and red-ripening cultivars are often slightly sweet, so they are generally are used in jams and preserves. Tomatillos have diverse uses in curries, salads, soups, stews, stir-fries, baking, cooking with meats, marmalade, and desserts. Ripe tomatillos keep refrigerated for about two weeks; longer if the husk is removed and the fruit is stored refrigerated in a sealed container.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
The Tomato is the edible berry of the plant Solanum lycopersicum, commonly known as a tomato plant, that originated in western South America and Central America. Tomatoes are a significant source of umami flavor. The Tomato is consumed raw or cooked, in many dishes, sauces, salads, and drinks. Although Tomatoes are botanically classied as fruits, they commonly used as a vegetable ingredient or side dish.
Tossa Jute (Corchorus olitorius)
Tossa Jute, also known as Bush Okra, Etinyung, Jute Mallow, Krinkrin, Molokhia, and West African Sorrel, is a species of shrub in the Malvaceae family. Together with Corchorus capsularis it is the primary source of jute fiber. The leaves and young fruits are used as a vegetable, the dried leaves are used for tea and as a soup thickener, and the seeds are edible.
Turnip (Brassica rapa, variety rapa
The Turnip or White Turnip is a root vegetable commonly grown in temperate climates worldwide for its white, fleshy taproot. Turnip leaves are sometimes eaten as "turnip greens". See also Rutabaga.
Waterchestnut (Trapa species)
The Waterchestnut, also known as Buffalo Nut, Bat Nut, Devil Pod, Ling Nut, Lin Kok, Ling Jow, Ling Kio Nut, Mustache Nut, Singhada, and Water Caltrop is a species of floating annual aquatic plants, growing in slow-moving water. They are native to warm temperate parts of Eurasia and Africa. The "nut" is edible, and the fruits are eaten raw or boiled, and sometimes ground into flour. However, this plant is considered a noxious weed or invasive species in many locales. This plant should not be confused with the unrelated Eleocharis dulcis, also called a Water Chestnut. Eleocharis is also an aquatic plant raised for food since ancient times in China.
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale)
Watercress or Yellowcress is a species of aquatic flowering plant in the cabbage Brassicaceae family. Watercress is a rapidly growing, perennial plant native to Europe and Asia, and is one of the oldest known leaf vegetables consumed by humans. Watercress and many of its relatives such as Garden Cress, Mustard, Radish, and Wasabi, are noteworthy for their piquant flavors.
Wax Gourd (Benincasa hispida)
The Wax Gourd, also called Alu Puhul, Ash Gourd, Ash Pumpkin, Chinese Preserving Melon, Tallow Gourd, White Gourd, Winter Gourd, and Winter Melon, is a vine grown for its very large fruit, but is eaten as a vegetable when mature. It is native to South and Southeast Asia.
White Radish (Raphanus sativus variety longipinnatus)
Also known as Chinese White Radish, Daikon (大根), Long White Radish, Mooli, Oriental Radish, and Winter Radish.
Yam (Dioscorea species)
Yam is the common name for some plant species in the genus Dioscorea of the Dioscoreaceae family that form edible, starchy tubers. Yams are perennial herbaceous vines cultivated in many temperate and tropical regions, especially in Africa, South America and the Caribbean, Asia, and Oceania. In the US, Sweet Potatoes, especially those with orange flesh, are also often referred to as "yams", although it is an entirely different plant.
Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo)
The Zucchini (aka Courgette or Baby Marrow) is a summer squash. Ordinary Zucchini are any shade of green, though the Golden Zucchini is a deep yellow or orange. They can grow up to 1 meter in length, but are normally harvested at about 15-25 cm (6–10 inc). Zucchini has a delicate flavor and requires little more than quick cooking with butter or olive oil, with or without fresh herbs, with the skin left in place. Zucchini can also be eaten raw in a cold salad, as well as lightly cooked in hot salads.